International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific
International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific (IJPHAP) ISSN: 2822-0587 (Online) Publication Frequency: 3 Issues per year (January-April, May-August, September-December) Journal information: International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific (IJPHAP) is an Open Access e-Journal of the Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University (PH, KKU) and is published by the Faculty of Public Health, KKU with the sole aim of promoting and sharing quality public health as well as medical and social information. IJPHAP stands as an international forum where the research conducted in various disciplines such as Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatics, Social Sciences, Medicine along with the reviews and novel as well as unique cases we encounter in our professional career will be made available to our esteemed readers.
Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University
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Pets vs Humans: Who provides more meaningful social support to stressed pet owners?
Background: Mental health issues are prevalent in Australia. Social support has been observed as a protective factor against the effects of negative mental health among the general population. There are a substantial number of pet owners in Australia, and indications that emotional support is provided by pets. Whilst many pet owners report that their pets are a source of emotional support, clinicians question how important are pets, when compared to human companions, in affecting pet owner’s mental health. Objectives: This study examined the relationship between social support from humans and pets, and pet owner’s mental health. Methods: 112 pet owners completed measures related to mental health symptoms and perceived social support from families, friends, and significant others and emotional support from pets. Data was collected using three validated self-report scales, to assess mental health, perceived social support from humans, and perceived emotional comfort from pets. These were administered via an anonymous online survey over a period of 3 months to an Australian adult sample sourced via social media and veterinary practices. The collected data were analysed via a Pearson correlational analysis using SPSS (Version 27). Results: Whilst the study observed a significant relationship between human social support and pet owner’s mental health (r = 0.21, P < 0.05), social support from pets was not observed to be related with pet owner’s general mental health (r = 0.02, P > 0.05). Conclusion: When patients with mental health problems have pets, health care professionals need to encourage the patients to also source human social support, and not to rely on their pets to be the main source of social support.
Copyright (c) 2025 the Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Exclusive breastfeeding and it’s determinants in Indonesia, 2022
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months of life is crucial for infant health as it is associated with positive health outcome. However, it’s coverage remains low in Indonesia therefore, closing this gap involves identifying characteristics associated to exclusive breastfeeding. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the EBF practices and its associated factors in Indonesia. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study analysed secondary data from the 2022 Indonesia National Nutrition Survey. An analysis was conducted on 3,989 6-month-old infants from 33 provinces who were breastfed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with EBF, presenting Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Results: The study results revealed that 44.95% (95% CI: 43.40-46.49) of infants received EBF. History of early initiation breastfeed (AOR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.45–1.87, P-value: <0.001), received nutritional counseling (AOR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.01-1.32, P-value: 0.026), those who participated in health promotion programs (AOR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.04–2.08, P-value: 0.026) and mother occupations recognized as employed (AOR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.03–1.34, P-value: 0.012) were more likely to practice EBF. Conclusion: Less than a half of infants in Indonesia received EBF. Infants who had early initiation breastfeeding and mother who participated in health promotion programs were significant factors associated with EBF. Moreover, receiving nutritional counselling and mother occupation were also important factor associated with EBF although the magnitude of effect was small to make decisive conclusion. Therefore, appropriate policies and strategies should be employed to encourage early initiation of breastfeeding, to empower women in participating health programs including nutritional counselling to enhance EBF. Likewise, it is also fundamental to create workplace that allows women to be employed while continuing EBF.
Seat suspension design for reduction of whole-body vibration of forklift drivers in warehouse
Background: Whole-body vibration transmitted through the seat during forklift operation significantly contributes to musculoskeletal disorders among forklift operators. Objectives: The study aims to design vibration absorbing materials for forklift driver seats and to compare whole-body vibration levels before and after implementing the new design Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental research design to compare whole-body vibration levels before and after the implementation of an absorption material in forklift seat design. The study population consisted 34 forklift drivers working in the warehouse department of an electronics manufacturing and assembly plant in Chachoengsao province. This experimental study was conducted over a seven-month period. Results: The result of combination of butyl rubber sheets that were 25 x 25 x 1.5 cm in width, length and thickness, as well as layer 1 and layer 2 foam sponges that were 53 x 42 x 5 cm in size, improved the materials inside the seat. The measurement of the whole-body vibration exposure compared to the average period of 8 hours A (8) before and after the design of the vibration absorbing material inside the forklift seat showed significant differences in all three cases. While comparing the measurement group's vibration values to the ISO 2631-1, 1997 standard over an 8-hour period [A (8)], it was discovered that the vibration value exceeded the standard by 97.06% of 100% prior to design, and that the vibration exceeding the standard decreased to 50.00 percent of all measurements following design. Conclusion: This study concludes that incorporating butyl rubber and foam sponge into forklift driver seats effectively reduces whole-body vibration transmitted through the seat during forklift operation.
Forklift driver, Seat suspension, Whole body vibration
Analysis on the association between the mothers’ knowledge, attitude, practices and the incidence of acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years old in the rural Nam Dinh, Vietnam
Background: The knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers in caring for their children play an important role in prevention of acute respiratory infection. Objectives: The study aimed to identify the association between the mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practices in prevention and caring for children with acute respiratory infection and the incidence of acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years old in the rural Nam Dinh, Vietnam. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 389 among mothers and their children under 5 years old with a simple random sampling technique in rural Nam Dinh, Vietnam from July 2020 to September 2021. Using logistic regression and Odds Ratio (OR) with definition level α=0.05 for analysis of variables Results: Unsatisfactory KAP of mothers in prevention and caring for children with ARI accounted for high percentage. In addition, the incidence of ARI in children under 5 years old remained high at 47.0% (183/389 children). The study revealed the association between the mothers’ attitude, practices and the incidence of ARI in their children. This difference was statistically significant with P< 0.05. Specifically, analysis results showed that mothers' practices are significantly related to the incidence of ARI in children with OR= 2.5; 95%CI= 1.6-3.9 and P< 0.001. Conclusion: The mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practices in prevention and caring for their children with ARI were low. In addition, the incidence of ARI in under-five children was high. There was an association between the mothers’ attitude, practices and the incidence of ARI in children under 5 years old. Moreover, there was a significant association between the mothers’ practices and the incidence of ARI in children
Acute respiratory infection, Attitude, Knowledge, Mothers having children under 5 years old, Practices
Dyslipidaemia in patients with acute stroke at Da Nang C hospital, Vietnam
Background: Stroke is a current medical issue in all countries worldwide. Currently, clinical characteristics and risk factors for developing acute stroke as well as dyslipidaemia have been identified. Objectives: The research aimed to describe the status of dyslipidaemia in patients with acute stroke and the relationship between dyslipidaemia and certain clinical characteristics as also risk factors in patients with acute stroke at Da Nang C Hospital, Vietnam. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analysed 197 medical records of acute stroke patients at Da Nang C Hospital, Vietnam (February 2023-March 2024). Data collected included demographics (age, gender, height, weight), hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg), and lipid profiles (TC ≥5.2 mmol/L, triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L, LDL-C ≥3.4 mmol/L, HDL-C <0.9 mmol/L in males, <1.1 mmol/L in females). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25.0 and Microsoft Excel 2016. Chi-square tests and odds ratios were calculated, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results: The percentage of dyslipidaemia in patients with stroke was 80.2%, with low HDL-C (52.3%) and high triglycerides (45.7%) being the most common abnormalities. Dyslipidaemia was more prevalent in the ischemic stroke group (98.1%) compared to the haemorrhagic stroke group with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.26 – 27.58 (P-value = 0.030). The proportion of dyslipidaemia in stroke patients increases with age, with the highest rate observed in the 65-74 age group (38.4%). Stroke patients with dyslipidaemia also have a higher prevalence of hypertension (74.1%, 95% CI: 1.07 – 4.56), diabetes (41.1%, 95% CI: 1.04 – 5.23), and obesity (51.9%); with P-value 0.034, 0.043, and 0.860 respectively. Conclusion: Patients with acute stroke often have dyslipidaemia, with the majority of cases characterized by decreased HDL-C levels and increased triglycerides. This tends to increase gradually with age.
Assessment of breast cancer awareness and breast self-examination practice of rural women at Hai Duong district, Vietnam
Background: Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women. Assessing the impact of disease awareness on breast self-examination practices can improve health decisions and provide a basis for designing effective educational interventions. Objectives: This study aimed to identify breast cancer awareness and breast self-examination practices among rural women. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 204 rural women in Hai Duong province, Vietnam. 99 women received direct education while 105 women joined indirect education through documents. The study questionnaire included breast cancer awareness based on the Health Belief Model scale and women's breast self-examination practice by nurse observation checklist. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the paired-sample t-test with the significance level set at P<0.05. Results: The study found that both direct and indirect groups increased of breast cancer awareness and practicing breast self-examination with passed result after 3 and 6 months of intervention. The proportion breast cancer awareness in the direct group was higher than that in the indirect group (P<0.05); the direct educational helped 88.9% of women practice breast self-examination after 3 months, and to 94.9% after 6 months. Conclusion: After educational program, breast cancer awareness and breast self-examination practice of rural women increased significantly. Therefore, educational programs emphasizing the importance of raising awareness and practicing early detection of breast cancer should be enhanced to bring about the desired change among rural women living in poor areas.
Breast cancer awareness, Breast self-examination, Health Belief Model, Rural women, Vietnam
Sociodemographic and health related factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus among middle-aged adult and elderly in Yangon, Myanmar
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly prevalent globally especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Myanmar, the rise of T2DM particularly among the elderly highlights the need for early detection and intervention. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the sociodemographic and health-related factors contributing to T2DM in middle-aged and elderly populations in Yangon to inform targeted prevention strategies. Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted in Yangon, 2024 included 512 participants aged 40 years and older selected via multistage random sampling. Data were collected using the Kobo Collect app and analysed using Stata 18.0. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the participants’ characteristics including frequencies, percentages and means. Simple logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with T2DM followed by multiple logistic regression to assess adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for significant predictors. The significance level was set at 0.05 for all statistical tests. Results: Of the total 512 participants, 55.66% (95% CI: 51.32-59.92) had normal fasting blood sugar (FBS), 30.08% (95% CI: 26.25-34.20) had prediabetes and 14.26% (95% CI: 11.48-17.57) had T2DM. Our multivariable analysis by multiple logistic regression analysis observed that respondents age over 60 years (AOR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.64–7.32), being of Kayin ethnicity (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.47–5.61), larger waist measurements (AOR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.68–7.60), had chronic illnesses (AOR = 7.97, 95% CI: 4.17–15.23) and had family history of diabetes mellitus (AOR = 4.10, 95% CI: 2.09–8.04) were associated with type 2 diabetes among the middle aged and elderly population of Yangon, Myanmar. Conclusion: Type 2 DM is common among middle-aged and elderly individuals in Yangon. Key risk factors included age, obesity, chronic illness and family history were major predictors of it. Targeted interventions addressing these factors are essential for diabetes prevention in this population.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Self-care behaviours and associated factors among adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Vietnam rural area
Background: Diabetes is a long-term metabolic condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. In Vietnam, there has been a rising trend in the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes. Objectives: This study aimed to describe diabetes self-care behaviours and explore associated factors among Vietnamese adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 418 outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes in rural area of Da Nang City, Vietnam. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires that covered demographics, clinical factors, and self-care behaviours. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. Results: The study found that 70.1% of participants engaged in diabetes self-care practices, with an average score of 4.37 ± 1.11. The analysis revealed significant correlations between self-care behaviours and factors such as family history of Type 2 Diabetes (OR= 1.76, 95% CI: 1.03-3.00), use of a blood glucose meter at home (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.22-5.49), receipt of diabetes self-care information (OR = 2.27, 95% CI:1.38-3.75), and regular health check-ups (OR= 2.98, 95% CI: 1.84-4.80). Conclusion: These findings provide valuable insights for healthcare providers in developing targeted interventions to promote positive self-care practices among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.
Clinical factors, Rural area, Self-care, Type 2 Diabetes
Length of hospital stay among cardiovascular patients with valve repair combined valve replacement, Northeast Thailand
Background: Hospital administration can impact patient’s length of hospital stays, treatment costs, and quality of life after surgery. Thus, understanding the factors influencing the length of hospital stays in heart valve surgery patients is crucial for improving patient care and enhancing the efficiency of medical services. Objectives: To investigate the length of hospital-stay and factors associated with length of hospital stay among cardiovascular patients with valve repair combined valve replacement. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional analytical design, involving 272 individuals who underwent combined valve repair and replacement at the Queen Sirikit Heart Centre of the Northeast from October 1, 2017, to September 30, 2023. Data were analysed using percentages and medians (min: max). Multiple logistic regression was also conducted to examine risk factors associated with extended hospital stays (> 14 days). Results: The study showed that the length of hospital stays of patients undergoing open heart valve surgery was 14.07 ± 8 days. The risk factors related to a length of hospital stays longer than 14 days were found a history of smoking (AOR = 1.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) : 1.01 - 3.27), albumin level in blood (< 3.5 g/dl) (AOR= 2.28; 95%CI: 1.16 - 4.48), functional class 4 (AOR = 21.32; 95%CI: 4.37 - 104.06), postoperative infection (AOR = 3.25; 95%CI: 1.23 - 8.59) and arrhythmias (AOR= 2.33; 95%CI: 1.01 - 5.38). Conclusion: This result highlighted that these factors are important for post-surgery patients to stay in the hospital longer than standard. Therefore, hospitals should promote health information, including quitting smoking and consuming behaviour, to patients to prepare before surgery. Hospitals must also design guidelines for patient care to prevent further complications.
Microvascular complications, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Type 2 diabetes patients
Evaluation of quality measures for Colonoscopy in Colorectal cancer screening among patients in Mahosot hospital, Vientiane capital, Lao PDR: A cross-sectional, prospective study
Background: In Lao PDR, colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant public health concern, accounting for 8.5% of all cancer cases and ranking as the fourth most common cancer in the country. Colonoscopy emerges as the gold standard for CRC screening. The quality of a colonoscopy is critical to achieving positive patient outcome. Key quality indicators mainly include adenoma detection rate, bowel preparation adequacy, average withdrawal time, cecal intubation rate and complication post colonoscopy procedure. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of colorectal polyps and cancer detected, determine adenoma detection rate, and assess the quality of colonoscopy procedure during colorectal cancer screening of our centre and another representative of referral centre in Laos. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study from July 2023 to February 2024, involving 288 individuals for collecting demographic data, procedure indications, and various colonoscopies. Results: A total of 288 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 45.57 ± 14.67 years (SD) with approximately equal gender distribution (Female 50.67%). The majority of colorectal cancer screenings were conducted in individuals under 50 years old. Most patients achieved optimal bowel preparation, and underwent complete colonoscopy procedures. Approximately 95.5% underwent a complete colonoscopy with an average withdrawal time of 8.16 ± 4.37 minutes. Pathological analysis revealed non-neoplastic, benign neoplastic, and malignant polyps. The overall adenoma detection rate was 27.63%, with advanced adenoma detection in 5.81% and colon cancer detection in 5.9%. Patients over 50 years exhibited a higher risk of adenoma detection rate while good bowel preparation did not significantly affect detection rates. However, longer withdrawal times during colonoscopy correlated with increased adenoma detection rate. Conclusion: Our study showed that the quality indicators of colonoscopy were acceptable with results indicating an average risk of colorectal cancer screening with overall adenoma detection rate, achieved adequate bowel cleansing, with high rate of cecal intubation rate, and appropriated withdrawal time examination as per protocol associated with increased adenoma detection.
Quality Measures, Colonoscopy, Colorectal cancer
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impacts of climate change on forest-harvested food and the nutrition of children and families in Lao PDR
Background: Forests are an important source of food, medicine, and income for rural families in Laos, especially ethnic communities. Non-timber forest Products (NTFPs) contribute significantly to food security and income through consumption and sales. However, the impact of climate changes on agricultural productivity leads to increasing land demand for cash crops has caused significant changes in forestland and resource use, posing threats to food security and livelihoods. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate how climate change affects the availability of forest-harvested food and its subsequent impact on children’s nutrition in communities near forests, utilizing descriptive and regression analysis to understand the influencing factors. Methods: A cross-sectional mixed-method study included a desk review, 259 household surveys, 8 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and 4 case studies in six different villages of three provinces (north, central, and southern) of Laos. Results: The study found 90% of households have observed a reduction in forest-harvested food in the last few years because of overexploitation of forests (75%) and changes in weather patterns (25%). 84% of children consumed forest foods regularly. Logistics regression analysis showed that children (6-59 months) who consume forest products more than twice a week are about 2.13 times more likely to have the outcome of not being underweight compared to those who do not, holding other factors constant. Conclusion: Climate change has reduced the availability of forest-harvested food, adversely affecting children’s nutrition. In response, communities have adopted alternative coping strategies. To mitigate the impact of climate change, it is recommended to implement climate monitoring, promote sustainable land use, and empower communities to enhance resilience and food security.
Children, Climate change, Forest-harvested foods, Nutrition
Factors associated with tobacco use among working-age population in Mon state, Myanmar
Background: The tobacco epidemic is the leading cause of preventable death globally. Despite numerous studies on factors influencing tobacco use among working youths and adults, research remains limited on tobacco use and associated factors among the working-age population in urban and rural areas of Mon State. Objectives: To identify the factors associated with the tobacco use among the working-age population in Mon State, Myanmar. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 509 participants aged 18 to 60 years in Mon State, Myanmar, utilizing structured interviews. The associations between tobacco use and various factors were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analyses, with results reported as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was determined at a threshold of P <0.05. Results: The prevalence of tobacco use among the working-age population in Mon State was 45.58% (95% CI: 41.19-50.02). Factors significantly associated with tobacco use included male gender (AOR=10.04, 95% CI: 5.34-18.86), lower educational attainment; specifically uneducated or primary education (AOR=9.38, 95% CI: 4.43-19.81), secondary education (AOR=4.39, 95% CI: 1.97-9.76), and tertiary education (AOR=2.29, 95% CI: 1.17-4.49). Additional correlates included family influence (AOR=7.79, 95% CI: 4.33-14.02), peer pressure (AOR=2.92, 95% CI: 1.66-5.13), community influence (AOR=4.90, 95% CI: 2.85-8.59), moderately severe depression (AOR=5.27, 95% CI: 2.56-10.84), severe depression (AOR=3.67, 95% CI: 1.50-8.94), and neutral or positive perceptions of tobacco marketing (AOR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.16-3.49). Conclusion: About half of the study participants used tobacco. Being male, having lower educational status, having family influences, peer pressure, depression, and neutral and positive perception on tobacco marketing were associated with the higher risks of using tobacco. Therefore, it is important to make efforts in promoting of education, health education programs, effective tobacco control policies and mental health supports in addressing tobacco problems in Myanmar.
Comparative analysis of healthcare responsiveness between insured and uninsured patients: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital of Nepal
Background: The responsiveness of a health system is considered to be an intrinsic goal of health systems and an essential aspect in performance assessment. This highlights the non-medical aspects of patients depend upon how health care facilities acknowledge patients’ demands. Objectives: This study assesses perceptions of insured and uninsured patients regarding the responsiveness of inpatient services at a tertiary hospital in Nepal. Methods: Using a cross-sectional, hospital-based design, quantitative research was conducted at the National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital. A total of 228 participants were selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected via interviews. Associations between variables were identified through bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Results: The mean age of patients was 46.63 years with standard deviation (SD) of 16.33 years. Most patients perceived their health status as poor (93.9%), and 74.1% reported insufficient availability of medicines. Both insured and uninsured patient groups experienced poor responsiveness for three out of eight domains. Based on inpatient’s importance and experience, responsive domain can be classified into three priority groups to enhance responsiveness: 1st priority: Prompt attention and clarity of communication; 2nd priority: dignity, choice and quality of amenities; and 3rd priority: autonomy, confidentiality and social support. Conclusion: The hospital should improve the degree of responsiveness in all domains, with priority given to prompt attention and clarity of communication. More attention should be given to patients who stay for longer durations in the hospital as Nepal expands national health insurance coverage.
Health system, Health insurance, Responsiveness
Prevalence and factors associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Kavre, Nepal
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common health problem with increasing prevalence all over the world. COPD among people in Nepal is a major public health concern. Objectives: This present study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with COPD in Nepal. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. The study was conducted among patient visited at Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre district, Nepal. A total of 470 patient aged ≥ 50 years were selected using stratified random sampling method. The COPD patients were diagnosed based on spirometry and chest X-ray findings. Data were entered into Epi-data manager 3.1 and analysed using STATA 18. Descriptive statistics were performed to describe participant characteristics and multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the factors associated with the COPD. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the total 470, the overall prevalence of COPD was 19.36% (95% CI: 16.02-23.20). The mean age of respondent was 64.84 years (±10.01). After adjusting for covariates, the study found that increasing age was strongly associated with COPD: 61-70 years old (AOR = 6.78, 95% CI: 2.88-15.99, P < 0.001), 71-80 years old (AOR= 11.78, 95% CI: 5.75-31.80, P <0.01), and > 80 years old (AOR=11.76, 95% CI: 4.07-34.39, P <0.01). However, literacy among the patients (AOR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24-0.73, P = 0.002) and no family history of COPD (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19-0.60, P < 0.001) were less likely to be associated with COPD. Conclusion: Nearly one fifth of the respondents had COPD which still remains as a huge hidden burden of high prevalent disease in Nepal. Educational status, aging, traditional firewood cooking and genetic predisposition were major risk factors among COPD cases in Nepal.
Burden of illness, Disability, Mortality, Prevalence, Risk factors, Trend
Patient's awareness and satisfaction level of Social Health Security Scheme in the Tertiary Level Hospital: A study in Dhulikhel Hospital
Background: Government of Nepal aims to enable its citizens to access quality health care services without placing a financial burden on them via Social Health Insurance Scheme. It is expected to reduce barriers to health-care utilization while also ensuring equity and access for low-income and disadvantaged populations in order to achieve Universal Health Coverage. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the patient's awareness, satisfaction level of Social Health Security Scheme in a Tertiary Level Hospital in Nepal. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted between September 2022 and June 2023 among 423 patients who visited the In- and Out-patient departments of Dhulikhel Hospital and were registered under the Social Health Security Scheme. The patients’ satisfaction levels were evaluated using a short version of the Patient satisfaction questionnaire. The collected data were entered into MS-excel and analyzed using STATA version 13. Results: Among the 423 evaluated respondents, the majority (26.71%) were found to have good satisfaction (90 to 66 points), and 71.87% gave average satisfaction (65 to 42 points). The highest level of satisfaction was observed in the access and convenience domain, with a mean score of 14.52 and an SD of 1.71. The mean overall satisfaction score was 57.82 and SD 3.71. There was a potential association between the number of family members and satisfaction scores. However, most demographic factors were not significantly associated with satisfaction scores. Conclusion: Awareness of health insurance schemes was high among the participants. Most participants rated their satisfaction as good, indicating a positive perception of the healthcare services provided. However, a significant proportion gave average evaluations, suggesting the need for improvements in certain areas.
Patient's awareness, Satisfaction level, Social Health Security Scheme, Health insurance program
Spatial pattern of health human resources factors associated with maternal mortality in Indonesia
Background: Indonesia's Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in 2022 was still higher than the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target. Previous studies have not paid attention to inadequate Health Human Resources (HHR), its distribution over the country and association with MMR. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the spatial distribution of HHR and MMR and analyse the association between HHR and MMR in Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the data from Indonesian Health Profile 2022, consist of 34 provinces for spatial pattern and 33 provinces for statistical analysis. The outcome of this study was MMR per 100,000 live births. The independent variables were the ratio of obstetricians per 10,000 population and the ratio of total midwives per 10,000 population. Results: Of the total 34 provinces in Indonesia, West Papua had the highest MMR, and 9 provinces with MMR<70/100,000 live births. The majority of the provinces (69.7%) had a high MMR (>70 per 100,000 live births). Similarly, most of the provinces (66.7%) had a ratio of obstetricians <0.19 per 10,000 population, and almost all provinces (81.8%) had a ratio of midwives >10 per 10,000 population. The lower ratio of obstetricians was most likely to have a high MMR 5.4 times (95% CI: 1.08-26.93; P-value: 0.042) compared to the higher ratio of obstetricians. Conclusion: Obstetricians were HHR associated with MMR in Indonesia but midwives were not. So, the government should increase the ratio of obstetricians and improve the quality of midwives.
Maternal mortality, Midwife, Obstetrician
Quality of life among humanitarian aid workers in Thai-Myanmar border
Background: Humanitarian aid workers (HAWs) are crucial frontline responders in helping the crisis-affected population. Since they are under constant pressure to perform effectively in an unstable environment, HAWs are always in need to be prepared both physically and mentally. Objectives: To determine the quality of life and its associated factors among humanitarian aid workers along the Thai- Myanmar border. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 424 HAWs, using multistage random sampling across 4 provinces along the Thai-Myanmar border with a structured questionnaire interview. The WHOQOL-BREF was used to measure quality of life (QOL). Descriptive statistics were used to describe participant characteristics and multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the factors associated with the QOL of HAWs. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: More than half of the respondents (62.03%; 95% CI: 57.29% – 66.54%) had moderate to poor QOL. After controlling for covariates, the study observed that moderate to poor QOL was strongly associated with having acute illness within the past month (Adj. OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.04-5.96, P-value 0.041), severely dysfunctional family relationships (Adj. OR = 2.8, 95%CI: 1.16-7.21, P-value 0.008), a family monthly income of ≤ 10,000 THB (Adj. OR = 2.26, 95%CI: 1.34-3.81, P-value 0.002), and one or more chronic conditions (Adj. OR = 3.53, 95%CI: 1.64-7.56, P-value 0.001). Conclusion: More than half of humanitarian aid workers along the Thai-Myanmar border have a moderate to poor quality of life. Personal and health factors, as well as family relationships were found to be associated with a reduced QOL. Hence, periodic psychosocial support as well as health promotion, prevention, and interventions for humanitarian aid workers will enhance their QOL effectively.
Humanitarian aid worker, Quality of life, Thai-Myanmar border
Analysis of secondary metabolites, antioxidant properties, HPLC analysis, and protein content of Calostoma insigne in Cambodia
Background: Calostoma insigne (C. insigne) is a wild edible mushroom commonly found in the forests of Southeast Asia. In Cambodia, it is traditionally consumed as a dessert, with locals believing in its health benefits. However, there is a significant lack of research investigating its therapeutic properties and chemical compounds, particularly within the Cambodian context. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the secondary metabolites, protein content and antioxidant activities in C. insigne. Methods: Methanolic extract of C. insigne was utilized to define the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities was screened using ferric reducing antioxidation power assay (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging in microplate spectrophotometers. Protein content was performed using Kjeldahl method. HPLC detected gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and luteolin in the crude extraction. Results: The analysis showed significant levels of secondary metabolites with TPC (9.28 ± 0.51 mg GAE/g of CE), TFC (242.41 ± 23.82 mg quercetin equivalent/g of crude extract). Antioxidant activities of DPPH radical revealed a concentration dependent manner (P < 0.05), and HPLC detected luteolin (15.83 ± 0.01 mg/g per crude extraction). TFC showed a strong statistically significantly negative correlation with FRAP value explained r = -0.879, P < 0.05. TFC could be the biomarker in extraction with high-reducing antioxidant power. Conclusion: This study confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites, their potential as antioxidant activities, and protein content for further development in food products, pharmaceutical and natural health products.
Antioxidant, HPLC, Mushroom, Protein, Secondary metabolites
Re-Infection of COVID-19 in Lao health care workers: Vientiane capital, Champasak and Luangphabang, Lao PDR
Background: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic was officially declared in early 2020 with reports of re-infections emerging by mid-2020. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention defines re-infection as cases where individuals test positive for COVID-19, either through Antigen Test Kits(ATK) or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests, after previously recovering and testing negative for 90 days. Lao PDR witnessed a significant surge in cases among various sectors including the healthcare workers (HCWs) who were in close contacts of previously infected individuals. Objectives: To determine the re-infection rates of COVID-19 in HCWs at Lao hospital settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed standardized questionnaires to gather demographic information, history of COVID-19 infections, and associated factors from HCWs participants. After obtaining ethical approval, data was collected and meticulously recorded in Microsoft Excel 2020. Subsequently, the recorded data was entered into a database for analysis. Results: The study included 405 participants, predominantly female (80%) with an average age of 37.9±11(20-67) years. Majority of participants (75.5%) served in patient care departments, with 47% being nurses. Remarkably, 87% had been actively engaged in hospital duties prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. Regarding vaccination, 77% had received the Sinopharm vaccine, while smaller percentages were vaccinated with Astra Zeneca (13%), Johnson & Johnson (4%), Pfizer (4%), and Sputnik (2%). Of the 245 HCWs who were infected at least once, 59 experienced re-infections (2-3 times), resulting in a re-infection rate of 24.1% (95% CI: 18.7% - 29.4%). Re-infected individuals exhibited symptoms within an average of 3.27 days, with most diagnoses made using ATK (76.27%). The majority (88.1%) of re-infected HCWs reported mild symptoms. Notably, 96% of HCWs with recurrent infections engaged in social activities weekly. Conclusion: Despite high immunization rates among study participants, the study underscored the persistent risk of COVID-19 re-infection among healthcare workers in Lao PDR, emphasizing the importance of ongoing preventive measures. However, the study acknowledged the limitations of retrospective interviews and emphasized the need for continuous surveillance and proactive strategies to prevent future outbreaks.
COVID-19, Healthcare worker, Lao PDR, Re-infection
Inappropriate use of Tuberculosis medications among TB patients in Vientiane capital, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an important communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has been declared a global public health emergency by World Health Organization. Objectives: To study the inappropriate use of anti-tuberculosis medications among tuberculosis patients in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey, conducted in three central hospitals in Vientiane Capital. The study focused on tuberculosis patients aged 18 and older who were receiving anti-tuberculosis drug treatment. The sample was selected using a random sampling method. Data collected from face-to-face interviews were analysed with descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests using statistical analysis software (IBM SPSS, version 17). Results: The study involved 221 participants of whom 60.6% were men, and 31.2% of all patients were between 29 and 39 years old. 36.3% of participants were found to have low knowledge regarding appropriate medication use and practices. Nearly 81.4% of participants answered incorrectly or did not know that tuberculosis can be resistant to medication. In total, 38.9% of the participants used inappropriate drugs, 29.0% did not take their medication on time every day, and 20.4% forgot to take medication. The study found inappropriate medication administration or behaviours were associated with increased risk of treatment failure or disease recurrence (ꭓ2 = 4.73, P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Inappropriate medication use among those treated for TB is common in Lao PDR. This raises concerns about possible treatment failure and increased risk of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the sample group.
Behaviour, Tuberculosis, Anti-Tuberculosis drugs
Effectiveness of an adjustable trolley for specimen handling in a blood screening unit
Background: Employees involved in sample collection for testing often perform physically demanding tasks such as bending, lifting, twisting, and standing for long periods. These repetitive activities can increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the ergonomic risks associated with sample collection in a blood screening laboratory. Methods: This quasi-experimental study involved eight volunteers who worked from August 21, 2023, to June 13, 2024, in a blood screening unit in the Nakhon Sawan province. Data were collected using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), and flow process chart. Further analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed rank test to evaluate the success of the intervention. Results: Six participants were women who frequently exhibited awkward postures, including bending, twisting, tilting, reaching with hands and arms, lifting over the shoulders, pulling, and bending their knees. The average REBA score for working postures was 11.63, indicating a high level of risk and the need for immediate corrective measures. Pain prevalence was highest in the lower back (100.0%), followed by the shoulders and upper back (87.5% each), and the neck (75.0%). After using the adjustable trolley, the risk assessment score for working postures decreased significantly to an average of 2.50. Pain levels in various body parts also showed a significant reduction, including the upper back (P-value = 0.027), lower back (P-value = 0.010), hands and wrists (P-value = 0.034), neck (p-value = 0.023), and shoulders (P-value = 0.016). Additionally, the trolley reduced the number of work steps from 16 to 9 (a 43.75% decrease) and shortened the work time per bag from 970 to 570 seconds (a 41.20% reduction). Conclusion: The use of the adjustable trolley significantly reduced awkward postures and pain, thereby lowering the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and enhancing worker safety and efficiency.
Adjustable trolley, Blood screening unit, Specimen handling task
Stunting reflects deficiencies in the socio-economic environment in diverse ethnic populations in Lao PDR
Background: From 1990 to 2019, stunting declined considerably from over 253 million children globally to 144 million, but it remained most prevalent in South Asia and even increased in Sub-Saharan Africa. From countries of continental Southeast Asia, Lao PDR still stands out with a relatively high proportion of stunted children aged 60 months and below. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the differences in stunting among diverse ethnicities in Lao PDR by using deficiencies in the length for age deficiencies in preschool children as a proxy indicator for their well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used utilizing secondary data from a previous survey conducted in the Bolikhamxai Province, Lao PDR. Basic anthropometric measurements and information about the mothers' socio-economic status were applied. Categories of the variables were taken from the original study. Differences in variables between ethnic groups were assessed through the chi-square- or Fisher exact test. Results: Separating the three ethnicities of Lao PDR showed that the rate of stunted children from Lao Sung, 43.9%, and Lao Teng, 39.3%, exceeded the proportion of stunting for Lao Lum, measuring 23%. Living in rural areas, mothers' lower educational background, economic status, and occupational activities contributed to higher stunting rates in the Lao Sung and Lao Teng groups. Conclusion: Health authorities in areas with low resources can detect and monitor deficiencies in the welfare of children in disadvantaged ethnicities by simple, conventional means for planning further action in problem-solving.
Education, Ethnicity, Lao PDR, Occupation, Stunting
Impact of lipid profile alterations on the severity of liver cirrhosis
Background: Lipid derangements are commonly seen in chronic liver diseases. Estimating serum lipid profile allows better assessment of hepatic function and evaluation of the prognosis of patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the lipid profile changes and the severity of liver cirrhosis. Methods: It is a hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 119 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Thorough history taking and physical examination were done. Measurement of serum lipid profile was done. The severity of liver cirrhosis was determined using the Child-Pugh score, and then the lipid profile changes, and the severity of liver cirrhosis were correlated. Results: The mean age of the study population was 45.8 ± 10.6 years. Most patients were male (91.6%), and the remaining 8.4% were females. Alcohol was the most common underlying cause of liver cirrhosis (70.6%). Half of the participants were Child C (52.1%), followed by Child B (24.4%) and Child A (23.5%). The values of total cholesterol, triglyceride, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were decreased with increasing Child grading (P-value < 0.05). There was also a significant association between lipid profile changes and the severity of cirrhosis. Conclusion: Lipid derangements are commonly seen in cirrhosis of the liver. It helps diagnose the severity of liver disease and acts as a prognostic sign. Therefore, lipid profile assessment should be advised in all cases with cirrhosis.
Child-Pugh score, Liver cirrhosis severity, Lipid profile
Efficacy and safety of intralesional measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine versus topical salicylic acid therapy for common warts: A comparative study
Background: Treating warts endures a therapeutic challenge for dermatologists. No single therapy has been proven universally effective in achieving complete remission for all patients. However, the use of intralesional immunotherapy with various antigens including MMR vaccine has shown promising results in the treatment of different types of warts. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of the MMR vaccine in the treatment of warts and compare its efficacy over the traditional topical keratolytic therapy. Methods: A hospital-based, prospective randomized study was conducted with 131 patients diagnosed with common warts over various parts of the body. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A included 67 patients who received intralesional MMR vaccine in every two weeks, and Group B included 64 patients in whom topical Salicylic acid was applied to the warts daily. The response to treatment was assessed at 2 weeks and after 12 weeks. Results: The MMR group showed significantly better results, with 85.5% showing complete clearing, and only 4.8% of patients exhibiting no improvement. In contrast, 55.8% of patients in the SA group showed 100% clinical response, and 11.5% showed partial clearing (P<0.001). Both the MMR group and the salicylic acid group had similar side effect profiles. Conclusion: Intralesional immunotherapy with MMR vaccine is safe, practicable, and cost-effective with minimal side effects and local complications than traditional salicylic acid therapy.
Common warts, Immunotherapy, MMR, Salicylic acid
Association between the level of stress and severity of pain, and factors associated with stress, and perceived knowledge on stress management among university students in Phnom Penh, Cambodia among University Students in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Background: Stress negatively impacts mental and physical health, often leading to anxiety and hypertension. By identifying key factors, we can better understand the challenges faced by university students in Cambodia and develop targeted solutions to support their mental health and well-being. Objectives: This study seeks to determine the prevalence of stress and pain among university students in Phnom Penh, and also investigating associated factors with stress levels, determining stress-pain association, and gathering insights into pain management strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at five universities in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from September to November 2023. A total of 320 students were selected through simple random sampling, and data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered via face-to-face interviews. Descriptive data were analysed using Excel and SPSS. Univariate analysis was conducted to screen for potential factors associated with high stress, using a chi-squared test. The final multiple logistic regression model retained only factors that are significantly associated with stress (P<0.05). Results: Findings revealed that stress levels were significantly higher in female students (63.6%) compared to males (42.7%), and gender was strongly associated with high stress levels (P<0.001). Students who said something negatively to themselves were 3.51 times more likely to experience high stress (95% CI: 2.14-5.75, P<0.001) and students with insufficient sleep had a 2.82 times higher risk of high stress (95% CI: 1.78-4.45, P<0.001). Acute pain was the most prevalence among participants, and we found that all type of pain were associated with high stress (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates significant stress levels among university students in Phnom Penh, driven by both internal and external factors. Universities should implement comprehensive support programs to mitigate stress and pain management to improve student well-being. Also, the impact of pain management by self-medication with analgesic.
Stress, Severity of pain, Factor association, Perceived knowledge, Stress and pain management
Prevalence of microvascular complications in patients with NAFLD
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disorder that is strongly associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Objective: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of NAFLD among T2DM patients and to evaluate whether there is an association between NAFLD and diabetic microvascular complications. Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study conducted during one year from January 2018 to December 2018. A total of 107 type 2 diabetes patients were submitted to clinical and laboratory evaluation and abdominal ultrasonography for NAFLD detection. Statistical analysis such as the chi-square test, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used in this study. Results: Out of 107 type 2 diabetic patients, 54.2% patients had NAFLD whereas 45.8% had no fatty liver on ultrasonography. NAFLD group had a significantly higher prevalence of retinopathy (41.4% versus 20.4%, P-value 0.02), neuropathy (58.6% versus 14.3%, P-value <0.001), and nephropathy (67.2% versus 49.0%, P-value <0.05). Moreover, after logistic regression was done, diabetes patients with NAFLD had 8.88 times the risk of neuropathy than those without NAFLD (OR= 8.88 95% CI: 2.95-26.74, P-value <0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of NAFLD is higher in type 2 diabetes patients. This study also reported the prevalence of microvascular complications was higher in patients with NAFLD. Therefore, ultrasound examination of the liver for NAFLD can be used as an early marker of diabetes and its complications.
Nutrition status and its associated factors among the elderly in a Vietnam rural medical center: A cross-sectional study
Background: Malnutrition is one of countless health risks for the elderly, especially in areas with difficult economic conditions. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the nutritional status of senior citizens visiting the district health center and identify the associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Ea H'leo District Medical Centre, Dak Lak Province in 2023. A total of 251 participants who visited the district medical centre for examination were interviewed. The nutritional status of the elderly was evaluated using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scale. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with their nutritional status. Results: Among 251 elderly, 12% suffered from malnutrition, and 41.4% were at risk. Protective factors included having a university or postgraduate education level (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 0.08, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.01-0.7), poor economic status (AOR= 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03-0.6), married (AOR= 0.48, 95% CI: 0.2-0.9), good dental status (AOR= 0.33, 95% CI:0.1-0.8), and engaging in a regular exercise (AOR= 0.47, 95% CI: 0.3-0.8), whereas heavy physical activity was identified as a risk factor (AOR= 6.0, 95% CI: 1.1-32.3). Conclusion: There is a significant number of participants at risk of malnutrition. Providing support to improve difficult economic conditions and increasing access to nutritional healthcare knowledge are measures that help to reduce the risk of malnutrition and disease in the elderly.
Associated factors, Elderly, Nutrition status, Rural
Nutritional status and its associated factors among children aged 6-23 months in rural and urban communities of Kaski district of Nepal: A comparative study
Background: Child malnutrition is a significant factor contributing to infant and under-five mortality in developing countries including Nepal, making it a serious public health concern. Child nutritional status varies between urban and rural areas due to differences in educational status, socio-economic conditions, and healthcare services. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the differences in the nutritional status of children in rural and urban areas of Kaski district and identify the factors associated with nutritional status in both rural and urban areas. Methods: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kaski district. A random sample of 195 children from both urban and rural communities was included in the study. Information was collected through interviews with mothers using a structured questionnaire along with anthropometric measurements of the weight of children. Data was entered into EpiData version 3.1 and analysed using IBM SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 390 children aged 6- 23 months were included in this study for analysis. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 33.3%, 8.2%, and 13.8% in rural areas, and 23.1%, 4.6%, and 5.1% in urban areas, respectively. More than four-fifths of the children (84%) in urban areas and three-fourths of the children (73.3%) in rural areas were fed meals more than three times per day. Families with food insecurity were 2.77 times more likely to have underweight children (95%CI: 1.01-7.35) in comparison to families that are food secure. Children aged 12-23 months were more likely to be stunted than younger children in rural areas. Conclusion: This study found significant associations between age, sex, food insecurity, minimum dietary diversity, and food frequency, and the nutritional status of children in both rural and urban area. In rural areas, male children had a higher likelihood of being stunted compared to female children. Additionally, households experiencing food insecurity were more prone to having stunted and underweight children. To improve these conditions, enhanced nutrition education and targeted interventions, including proper counselling, are necessary to address poor dietary diversity and inadequate food frequency across both rural and urban areas.
Assessing Knowledge of Vietnamese Nurses about Prevention and Treatment of Anaphylaxis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Anaphylaxis greatly affects the psychology of patients as well as medical staff. Therefore, knowing about the way of prevention and treatment of anaphylaxis by nurses plays a key role in improving patient's caring services. Objectives: This study was conducted to describe the current state of nurse’s knowledge about the prevention and treatment of anaphylaxis and collect some relative factors. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with 82 nurses from March to May 2022. The questionnaire included 31 items to assess nurses' knowledge about anaphylactic state, anaphylaxis prevention, and treatment. The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. Results: Most nurses had correct knowledge about anaphylactic symptoms, and common causes, with 82.9% and 81.7%. The percentage of nurses with good knowledge about anaphylaxis prevention and treatment recorded a moderate level (76.8%). Only 27.2% of nurses did not know about the type of new drug used for anaphylaxis treatment, while 28.2% recognized adrenalin dosage being used for adults. There were significant differences in knowledge about anaphylaxis prevention and treatment of nurses and ages, years of work, and number of times being trained on anaphylaxis (p<0.05). Conclusion: Nursing knowledge about anaphylaxis prevention and treatment was a moderate level, in particular, knowledge about drugs for emergency treatment of anaphylaxis was limited. Therefore, training sessions need to focus on helping nurses for better understanding of the medicines and the way of using them to be proactive in emergency reactions.
Anaphylaxis, Health knowledge, Nurse, Prevention, Treatment
Educational intervention on knowledge and self-efficacy towards reducing over nutrition among school-going adolescents of Kawasoti municipality
Background: Overnutrition among adolescents is a global concern with unhealthy habits and sedentary lifestyles contributing to health complications such as obesity. Addressing overnutrition during adolescence is crucial, as it can persist into adulthood, posing long-term health risks. Recognizing the well-established efficacy of educational interventions in fostering positive health behaviours. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on enhancing knowledge and self-efficacy concerning overnutrition among school-aged adolescents in Kawasoti Municipality. Methods: A prospective quasi-experimental design model was employed with a pre-test/post-test control group for this study. Two public schools in Kawasoti Municipality were purposively selected with one school designated as the intervention group and the other as the control group. School-aged adolescents (12 to 16 years) studying in grades 9 and 10 were enrolled. The intervention package comprised interactive sessions, mini-lectures, videos, demonstrations, and distribution of educational materials targeting overnutrition awareness, healthy eating habits, and physical activity promotion. The intervention was delivered to the designated intervention school over a one-month period. Results: The intervention significantly enhanced knowledge levels in the intervention group. Post-test results showed a higher mean (15.83) of participants with high knowledge score in the intervention group. The intervention boosted self-efficacy in healthy eating and physical activity with the intervention group (mean self-efficacy score=19.69) displaying significantly higher levels than the control group (mean self-efficacy score=16.50) which were statistically significant. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between knowledge, healthy eating self-efficacy (r=0.59, P<0.05) in intervention group and physical activity self-efficacy were evident in both groups (r=0.85, P<0.05 in control group, r=0.42, P<0.05 in control group). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that interventions in Kawasoti Municipality helped adolescents gain knowledge, self-confidence, and healthier habits. Future interventions should be comprehensive, focused, and collaborative to effectively address teenage overnutrition.
Educational intervention, Healthy eating self-efficacy, Knowledge, Overnutrition, Physical activity, Self-efficacy