International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific
International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific (IJPHAP) ISSN: 2822-0587 (Online) Publication Frequency: 3 Issues per year (January-April, May-August, September-December) Journal information: International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific (IJPHAP) is an Open Access e-Journal of the Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University (PH, KKU) and is published by the Faculty of Public Health, KKU with the sole aim of promoting and sharing quality public health as well as medical and social information. IJPHAP stands as an international forum where the research conducted in various disciplines such as Public Health, Epidemiology, Biostatics, Social Sciences, Medicine along with the reviews and novel as well as unique cases we encounter in our professional career will be made available to our esteemed readers.
Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University
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Engagement of the private health sector in communication to enhance malaria awareness in communities: Contributing to malaria elimination
Background: Countries in the Mekong sub-region are making significant progress towards malaria elimination, driven by strong commitment and multi-sectoral cooperation. Objectives: This study examines changes in malaria knowledge among adults aged 18 and older in four high-risk provinces of Vietnam due to the Enhancing Private Sector's Responsibility in Vietnam's Malaria Elimination Program, implemented from 2021 to 2023. Methods: We conducted a baseline and end-line cross-sectional study on the program "Enhancing Private Sector's Responsibility in Vietnam's Malaria Elimination." We utilized questionnaires from previous studies and employed multi-stage cluster random sampling techniques to recruit 736 adults from four high-risk provinces in Vietnam. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with malaria knowledge among the participants. Results: There was a significant increase in the proportion of individuals with good knowledge of malaria prevention, rising from 36.7% at baseline to 78.6% at the end-line. A significant relationship was observed between age groups and knowledge of malaria prevention: for individuals aged 60 and older, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 2.40 (95% CI: 1.29-4.45) at baseline, while for those aged 45-59, the aOR was 2.05 (95% CI: 1.19-3.52) at end-line. Individuals who received advice from a private pharmacy or clinic knew about malaria prevention nearly four times compared to those who did not receive such advice (aOR = 3.84, 95% CI = 1.52-10.22). Conclusion: The "Enhancing Private Sector's Responsibility in Vietnam's Malaria Elimination" program increased malaria awareness among individuals in the targeted areas. However, it was noted that there is still a significant lack of knowledge among those who are uneducated. This indicates the need for more focused educational campaigns tailored specifically to this segment of the population.
Health education, Knowledge, Malaria, Private health sector
Copyright (c) 2025 the Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Attitude, keypersons’ support and uptake of modern contraceptives among reproductive age Myanmar migrant women in Thai-Myanmar border areas
Background: Easier access to contraception can help prevent negative health outcomes, such as unintended pregnancies and abortions, along with their associated adverse effects and socioeconomic consequences. However, there was limited information on contraceptive use among Myanmar migrant women along the Thai-Myanmar border. Objectives: To identify the determinants of modern contraceptive uptakes among reproductive age Myanmar migrant women in Thai Myanmar border areas. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 440 Myanmar migrant women aged 15-49. Baseline characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and determinants of contraceptive uptake were identified through multiple logistic regression. Associations were presented as Crude Odds Ratio (COR) and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with their 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). The statistical significance level was set at P < 0.05. Results: Modern contraceptive uptake prevalence was 62.73% (95% CI: 58.09-67.14), with 48.19% using Depo-Provera injections. After controlling other covariates, getting high support from keypersons (AOR=13.58, 95% CI: 6.24-29.59) and good attitudes towards contraceptives (AOR=2.65, 95% CI: 1.54 -4.57) were associated with modern contraceptive uptakes. Moreover, the determinants of uptake of modern contraceptives included age 30-39 years (AOR = 4.59, 95% CI: 2.37-8.92), age 15 to 29 years (AOR=8.86, 95% CI: 4.55-17.25), farmers and unskilled workers (AOR=2.12, 95% CI: 1.22-3.69), and the opening hour of the clinic (AOR=2.65, 95% CI: 1.26-5.57) Conclusion: Contraceptive uptake among Myanmar migrant women was higher than in both Thailand and Myanmar, influenced by factors such as keypersons’ support networks, attitudes, age, occupation, and accessible service hours. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen social networks that empower women’s decision and develop positive attitudes toward contraception. Additionally, providing culturally sensitive education, adopting context-specific strategies, fostering supportive workplace environments, and ensuring flexible, easily accessible healthcare services are all essential for improving contraceptive uptake among this population.
Pets vs Humans: Who provides more meaningful social support to stressed pet owners?
Background: Mental health issues are prevalent in Australia. Social support has been observed as a protective factor against the effects of negative mental health among the general population. There are a substantial number of pet owners in Australia, and indications that emotional support is provided by pets. Whilst many pet owners report that their pets are a source of emotional support, clinicians question how important are pets, when compared to human companions, in affecting pet owner’s mental health. Objectives: This study examined the relationship between social support from humans and pets, and pet owner’s mental health. Methods: 112 pet owners completed measures related to mental health symptoms and perceived social support from families, friends, and significant others and emotional support from pets. Data was collected using three validated self-report scales, to assess mental health, perceived social support from humans, and perceived emotional comfort from pets. These were administered via an anonymous online survey over a period of 3 months to an Australian adult sample sourced via social media and veterinary practices. The collected data were analysed via a Pearson correlational analysis using SPSS (Version 27). Results: Whilst the study observed a significant relationship between human social support and pet owner’s mental health (r = 0.21, P < 0.05), social support from pets was not observed to be related with pet owner’s general mental health (r = 0.02, P > 0.05). Conclusion: When patients with mental health problems have pets, health care professionals need to encourage the patients to also source human social support, and not to rely on their pets to be the main source of social support.
Burnout and resilience among health science students: Concepts and their relationship
Background: Students in health-related fields often face with numerous factors can contribute to increased susceptibility to academic burnout and pressure during their studies. Objectives: This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the level of burnout and resilience among health science students, as well as evaluating the relationship between students' resilience and their levels of academic burnout. Methods: A cross-sectional study implemented on 319 students at a central university of Vietnam. The questionnaire included three sections: general characteristics, the Brief Resilience Scale and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of the study subjects. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient test was used to examine the relationship between students’ resilience and academic burnout. Results: The study found that 8.8% of students experienced academic burnout. The mean resilience score of students was 18.13 ± 2.59 out of a total of 27 points. There was a negative and moderate relationship between academic burnout with resilience among health science students (r=-0.318, P<0.001). Conclusion: Schools and lecturers need to have strategies to train these soft skills to help students increase their resilience. In addition, some intervention studies aimed at helping students achieve coping skills and the ability to regulate emotions adaptively, increasing their resilience and reducing burnout can also be carried out in the future.
Academic burnout, Health science students, Resilience
Understanding risky sexual behaviours for HIV infection among Myanmar male migrant workers in Mae Sot, Thailand: The significance of the health belief model
Background: HIV/AIDS remains a critical global health issue, particularly among vulnerable population like migrant workers. In Thailand, Myanmar male migrants face heightened risks due to limited healthcare access, peer influence, and socioeconomic challenges. Understanding factors influencing risky sexual behaviour is essential for developing targeted interventions to support HIV prevention and control efforts. Objectives: This study aims to explore the prevalence of risky sexual behaviours and identify key demographic, behavioural, and social factors influencing these behaviours among Myanmar male migrant workers in Mae Sot, Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 454 participants. Data were collected through structured interviews, and multivariate logistic regression was applied to determine associated factors. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and P-values were used to present significant factors. Results: Among 454 participants, the prevalence of risky sexual behaviours was 29.30% (95% CI: 25.28-33.66). Key factors of risky sexual behaviours included being married (AOR: 4.05, 95% CI: 2.44-6.72), having a moderate level of perceived benefits (AOR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.06-7.42), reporting high levels of perceived barriers (AOR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.24-3.99) and experiencing peer pressure (AOR: 7.88, 95% CI: 4.72-13.15), all of which were associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behaviours. Conclusion: Approximately one-third of Myanmar migrant workers engaged in risky sexual behaviours. Key factors contributing to these behaviours included marital status, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and peer pressure emphasizing the need for peer-led education, culturally sensitive awareness and improved healthcare access to reduce risky sexual behaviours and support Thailand’s 2030 HIV elimination goals.
HIV, Myanmar migrants, Risky sexual behaviours, Thailand
Clinical analysis, treatment patterns, and long-term outcomes of Hepatocellular carcinoma in Thailand: A multidisciplinary approach
Background: Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the most prevalent cancer in Thailand and globally. However, comprehensive hospital-based survival data remains limited. Objectives: The study aimed to ascertain the prevalence, impact of treatment modalities on survival among hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, and reasons for long-term survival. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using medical records of 1,221 HCC patients aged ≥18 years from January 2014 to December 2018. Data were extracted from electronic health records using ICD-10 code C22.0. Long-term survival was defined as surviving ≥5 years. Cox proportional hazard regression analysed clinical characteristics and mortality risk. Results: A total of 1,221 HCC patients were analysed, with 80.80% mortality during follow-up and median survival of 1.25 years (95%CI: 1.09-1.37). The 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 22.6% (95%CI: 20.30-24.99) and 10.92% (95%CI: 8.84-13.25), respectively. Multivariable analysis showed better survival for females (adjusted HR=0.82; 95%CI: 0.69-0.97) and poorer outcomes with bilateral involvement versus right lobe (adjusted HR=1.34; 95%CI: 1.11-1.62). Surgical resection yielded the highest 5-year survival (58.48%; 95%CI: 52.44-64.03) compared to other treatments, while 29.5% received no treatment. Conclusion: Surgical resection provided superior survival outcomes. Female gender, right lobe tumour location, and Civil Servant Medical Benefit Scheme (CSMBS) coverage were favourable prognostic factors. Enhanced multidisciplinary care integration is essential to improve treatment accessibility and survival outcomes.
HCC, Liver cancer, Mortality, Payment, Treatment modalities
Exclusive breastfeeding and it’s determinants in Indonesia, 2022
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months of life is crucial for infant health as it is associated with positive health outcome. However, it’s coverage remains low in Indonesia therefore, closing this gap involves identifying characteristics associated to exclusive breastfeeding. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the EBF practices and its associated factors in Indonesia. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study analysed secondary data from the 2022 Indonesia National Nutrition Survey. An analysis was conducted on 3,989 6-month-old infants from 33 provinces who were breastfed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with EBF, presenting Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). Results: The study results revealed that 44.95% (95% CI: 43.40-46.49) of infants received EBF. History of early initiation breastfeed (AOR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.45–1.87, P-value: <0.001), received nutritional counseling (AOR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.01-1.32, P-value: 0.026), those who participated in health promotion programs (AOR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.04–2.08, P-value: 0.026) and mother occupations recognized as employed (AOR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.03–1.34, P-value: 0.012) were more likely to practice EBF. Conclusion: Less than a half of infants in Indonesia received EBF. Infants who had early initiation breastfeeding and mother who participated in health promotion programs were significant factors associated with EBF. Moreover, receiving nutritional counselling and mother occupation were also important factor associated with EBF although the magnitude of effect was small to make decisive conclusion. Therefore, appropriate policies and strategies should be employed to encourage early initiation of breastfeeding, to empower women in participating health programs including nutritional counselling to enhance EBF. Likewise, it is also fundamental to create workplace that allows women to be employed while continuing EBF.
Seat suspension design for reduction of whole-body vibration of forklift drivers in warehouse
Background: Whole-body vibration transmitted through the seat during forklift operation significantly contributes to musculoskeletal disorders among forklift operators. Objectives: The study aims to design vibration absorbing materials for forklift driver seats and to compare whole-body vibration levels before and after implementing the new design Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental research design to compare whole-body vibration levels before and after the implementation of an absorption material in forklift seat design. The study population consisted 34 forklift drivers working in the warehouse department of an electronics manufacturing and assembly plant in Chachoengsao province. This experimental study was conducted over a seven-month period. Results: The result of combination of butyl rubber sheets that were 25 x 25 x 1.5 cm in width, length and thickness, as well as layer 1 and layer 2 foam sponges that were 53 x 42 x 5 cm in size, improved the materials inside the seat. The measurement of the whole-body vibration exposure compared to the average period of 8 hours A (8) before and after the design of the vibration absorbing material inside the forklift seat showed significant differences in all three cases. While comparing the measurement group's vibration values to the ISO 2631-1, 1997 standard over an 8-hour period [A (8)], it was discovered that the vibration value exceeded the standard by 97.06% of 100% prior to design, and that the vibration exceeding the standard decreased to 50.00 percent of all measurements following design. Conclusion: This study concludes that incorporating butyl rubber and foam sponge into forklift driver seats effectively reduces whole-body vibration transmitted through the seat during forklift operation.
Forklift driver, Seat suspension, Whole body vibration
Maternal health care seeking behaviour during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum among Myanmar migrant women in Thai-Myanmar border
Background: Women in border areas often face barriers to healthcare access due to geographic, informational and cultural factors. However, limited evidence exists on how these challenges affect their health-seeking behaviour. Objectives: This study aims to address this gap by exploring maternal health-seeking behaviour during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum among women on the Thai-Myanmar border, Tak Province, Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from October 2023 to November 2024 among 362 women selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with health-seeking behaviour utilization. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 362 respondents, 25.1% (95% CI: 20.92-29.88) exhibited low maternal healthcare-seeking behaviour. Multivariable analysis identified several significant predictors of low health-seeking behaviour: low education level (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.34-4.52), poor knowledge of maternal health (AOR = 11.46, 95% CI: 6.16-21.30), lack of decision-making autonomy (AOR = 2.77, 95% CI: 1.48-5.16), poor social support (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.27-6.49), travel time of more than one hour to a health facility (AOR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.08-5.66) and inability to afford medical services (AOR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.33-6.15). Conclusion: A substantial proportion of women demonstrated low maternal healthcare-seeking behaviour influenced by educational, informational, socioeconomic and accessibility factors. Interventions aimed at enhancing maternal health knowledge, empowering women in decision-making, strengthening family support systems, and reducing both financial and geographic barriers are critical for improving maternal health service utilization in this population.
Maternal health care, Seeking behaviour, Thai-Myanmar border
Pneumonia incidence in children under five in Indonesia: A spatial analysis before, during and transition period of the COVID-19 pandemic
Background: Pneumonia has consistently remained one of the leading causes of mortality among children under five, spanning the periods before, during and in the transition periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives: This study investigated the spatial association between healthcare, socioeconomic, environmental factors and the pneumonia incidence rate per 10,000 populations in children under five at the provincial level, comparing 2019 (before COVID-19 pandemic), 2021 (during COVID-19 pandemic) and 2023 (transition period of the COVID-19 pandemic) in Indonesia. Methods: This study utilized secondary data from the Annual Indonesian Health Profile Books (2019, 2021 and 2023), Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia (2020, 2022 and 2024), Central Statistical Agency’s website and Google Earth Engine. This spatial analysis applied global and local Moran’s I and advanced spatial regression techniques. Results: The incidence rate of pneumonia in children under five before, during and in the transition period of COVID-19 were 158.10, 80.82 and 129.39 per 10,000 population. Meanwhile, Moran's I values were -0.130, -0.103 and 0.087, respectively indicating a shift from dispersed to clustered spatial autocorrelation, particularly in Java Island. Negative correlations were observed between pneumonia incidence and the number of midwives (across all periods), access to proper sanitation facilities (latrines) (during the COVID-19 pandemic), and precipitation (during the transition period of the COVID-19 pandemic). In contrast, sulphur dioxide levels exhibited a positive spatial autocorrelation both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: To reduce pneumonia in children under five in Indonesia, efforts should focus on strengthening midwife availability, access and expanding midwife training programs. Additionally, improving access to sanitation facilities and implementing air quality control measures will also play a key role in reducing pneumonia incidence.
Perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy at three central hospitals (Mahosot, Mittaphap, and Mother and Newborn Hospital), in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
Background: People who contract COVID-19 during pregnancy are at an increased risk for complications that can affect both their pregnancy and their developing baby. Objective: This study aimed to identify perinatal outcomes of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy at three central hospitals (Mahosot, Mittaphap, and Mother and Newborn Hospital), in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Methods: This study was an analytical cross-sectional study. Purposive sampling was applied. The sample of this study consisted of 362 pregnant women who were infected with COVID-19 and gave birth in Mahosot, Mittaphap, and the Mother and New-born Hospital, Lao PDR as recorded in medical record books from 2019 to 2022. The data was collected using a data collection form designed by the researcher. SPSS version 25 was used to analyse the data. The multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the characteristics, their vaccinations, and perinatal outcomes. Results: Among 362 pregnant women who were infected with COVID-19, the average age was 27.98 ± 5.71 years and 24.59% received COVID-19 vaccination. The percentage of babies with birth weight < 2500g was 14.60%. The percentage of babies with an APGAR score lower than 7 was 3.32%. The rate of babies admitted to the NICU was 4.14%. The fatal death rate was 1.38%. The antenatal care (ANC) visit was associated with baby weight after birth (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) =1.04; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.42,5.60). The body mass index (BMI) was associated with APGAR score (AOR=1.56; 95% CI 1.30,17.41). Conclusion: There are some concerns regarding perinatal outcomes such as low birth weight, low APGAR score, babies being admitted to the NICU, and some instances of fatal death. The high frequency of ANC visit and well control of BMI was associated with the positive impact of perinatal outcomes.
The relationship between dietary habits and hypertension in middle-aged rural populations of Karen state, Myanmar
Background: Hypertension, a non-communicable disease, is a leading health problem that can cause life threatening complications and a major cause of premature death. There are no previous studies on the prevalence of hypertension in rural areas, Karen State, Myanmar. Objective: This study aimed to identify the prevalence of prehypertension/hypertension and its associated risk factors among the middle-aged population in rural areas, Karen State, Myanmar. Method: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among rural areas of 3 townships (Myawaddy, Hlaing Bwe’, and Kawkareik) in Karen State, Myanmar with aged 40-59 years old was chosen by multistage random and population proportion to size sampling. Factors with p-value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant and the results were illustrated with Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR), 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI). Results: Among 487 participants, the prevalence of pre-hypertension/hypertension among the middle-aged population in Karen State was 51.95% (95% CI: 47.50 - 56.37). The factors significantly associated with prehypertension/ hypertension were consumption of sugar sweetened ≥ 3 days per week (AOR = 4.15, 95% CI: 1.44 - 11.95), consumption of salty foods ≥ 3 days per week (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.77-7.22) and obesity (AOR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.41-3.61). Conclusion: About one third of people resident in rural areas in this study had high blood pressure. The characteristics that were substantially linked with prehypertension/hypertension included being obesity, consumption of sugar sweetened foods & salty foods.
Hypertension, Karen state, Myanmar, Rural
Assessment of nutritional status of children aged 6-59 months in Kanchanpur district, Nepal: Insights from a screening program
Background: Malnutrition is a major global public health issue especially affecting children under five years old, profoundly influencing their survival and overall development. Objectives: This study evaluates the nutritional status of children aged 6-59 months and explores the determinants of malnutrition in Kanchanpur District, Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, including 3,252 children aged 6-59 months from nine municipalities. Anthropometric measurements were collected from May-June 2024. Data was analysed using Emergency Nutrition Assessment (ENA 2020). Results: Among the 3,252 children (45.6% female, 54.4% male) with a mean age of 31.88 months, the prevalence of global malnutrition was 3.0%, higher in girls (3.8%) than boys (2.2%). The prevalence of underweight was 19.3% (girls: 19.8%, boys: 18.9%). Stunting affected 17.0% of children (boys: 17.2%, girls: 16.7%), while wasting was observed in 14.9% (boys: 15.1%, girls: 14.5%). Older children (48-59 months) had a significantly higher risk of malnutrition compared to younger children (6-11 months), with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of 2.9 (95% CI: 2.2-3.7) for underweight and 3.3 (95% CI: 2.5-4.3) for stunting. Ethnicity also played a significant role, with Dalit and Janajati children being more likely to be malnourished than Brahmin/Chhetri children. Conclusion: This study identified age and ethnicity as key determinants of malnutrition in Kanchanpur District, emphasizing the need to address socio-economic and cultural factors especially among marginalized ethnic groups. Policymakers and health practitioners should prioritize tailored nutritional programs to address the specific needs of different age groups and communities, aiming to reduce malnutrition and achieve sustainable development goals.
Children under five, Kanchanpur, Malnutrition, Nepal
Analysis on the association between the mothers’ knowledge, attitude, practices and the incidence of acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years old in the rural Nam Dinh, Vietnam
Background: The knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers in caring for their children play an important role in prevention of acute respiratory infection. Objectives: The study aimed to identify the association between the mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practices in prevention and caring for children with acute respiratory infection and the incidence of acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years old in the rural Nam Dinh, Vietnam. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 389 among mothers and their children under 5 years old with a simple random sampling technique in rural Nam Dinh, Vietnam from July 2020 to September 2021. Using logistic regression and Odds Ratio (OR) with definition level α=0.05 for analysis of variables Results: Unsatisfactory KAP of mothers in prevention and caring for children with ARI accounted for high percentage. In addition, the incidence of ARI in children under 5 years old remained high at 47.0% (183/389 children). The study revealed the association between the mothers’ attitude, practices and the incidence of ARI in their children. This difference was statistically significant with P< 0.05. Specifically, analysis results showed that mothers' practices are significantly related to the incidence of ARI in children with OR= 2.5; 95%CI= 1.6-3.9 and P< 0.001. Conclusion: The mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practices in prevention and caring for their children with ARI were low. In addition, the incidence of ARI in under-five children was high. There was an association between the mothers’ attitude, practices and the incidence of ARI in children under 5 years old. Moreover, there was a significant association between the mothers’ practices and the incidence of ARI in children
Acute respiratory infection, Attitude, Knowledge, Mothers having children under 5 years old, Practices
Dyslipidaemia in patients with acute stroke at Da Nang C hospital, Vietnam
Background: Stroke is a current medical issue in all countries worldwide. Currently, clinical characteristics and risk factors for developing acute stroke as well as dyslipidaemia have been identified. Objectives: The research aimed to describe the status of dyslipidaemia in patients with acute stroke and the relationship between dyslipidaemia and certain clinical characteristics as also risk factors in patients with acute stroke at Da Nang C Hospital, Vietnam. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analysed 197 medical records of acute stroke patients at Da Nang C Hospital, Vietnam (February 2023-March 2024). Data collected included demographics (age, gender, height, weight), hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg), and lipid profiles (TC ≥5.2 mmol/L, triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L, LDL-C ≥3.4 mmol/L, HDL-C <0.9 mmol/L in males, <1.1 mmol/L in females). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25.0 and Microsoft Excel 2016. Chi-square tests and odds ratios were calculated, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Results: The percentage of dyslipidaemia in patients with stroke was 80.2%, with low HDL-C (52.3%) and high triglycerides (45.7%) being the most common abnormalities. Dyslipidaemia was more prevalent in the ischemic stroke group (98.1%) compared to the haemorrhagic stroke group with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.26 – 27.58 (P-value = 0.030). The proportion of dyslipidaemia in stroke patients increases with age, with the highest rate observed in the 65-74 age group (38.4%). Stroke patients with dyslipidaemia also have a higher prevalence of hypertension (74.1%, 95% CI: 1.07 – 4.56), diabetes (41.1%, 95% CI: 1.04 – 5.23), and obesity (51.9%); with P-value 0.034, 0.043, and 0.860 respectively. Conclusion: Patients with acute stroke often have dyslipidaemia, with the majority of cases characterized by decreased HDL-C levels and increased triglycerides. This tends to increase gradually with age.
Assessment of breast cancer awareness and breast self-examination practice of rural women at Hai Duong district, Vietnam
Background: Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women. Assessing the impact of disease awareness on breast self-examination practices can improve health decisions and provide a basis for designing effective educational interventions. Objectives: This study aimed to identify breast cancer awareness and breast self-examination practices among rural women. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 204 rural women in Hai Duong province, Vietnam. 99 women received direct education while 105 women joined indirect education through documents. The study questionnaire included breast cancer awareness based on the Health Belief Model scale and women's breast self-examination practice by nurse observation checklist. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the paired-sample t-test with the significance level set at P<0.05. Results: The study found that both direct and indirect groups increased of breast cancer awareness and practicing breast self-examination with passed result after 3 and 6 months of intervention. The proportion breast cancer awareness in the direct group was higher than that in the indirect group (P<0.05); the direct educational helped 88.9% of women practice breast self-examination after 3 months, and to 94.9% after 6 months. Conclusion: After educational program, breast cancer awareness and breast self-examination practice of rural women increased significantly. Therefore, educational programs emphasizing the importance of raising awareness and practicing early detection of breast cancer should be enhanced to bring about the desired change among rural women living in poor areas.
Breast cancer awareness, Breast self-examination, Health Belief Model, Rural women, Vietnam
Sociodemographic and health related factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus among middle-aged adult and elderly in Yangon, Myanmar
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly prevalent globally especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Myanmar, the rise of T2DM particularly among the elderly highlights the need for early detection and intervention. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the sociodemographic and health-related factors contributing to T2DM in middle-aged and elderly populations in Yangon to inform targeted prevention strategies. Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted in Yangon, 2024 included 512 participants aged 40 years and older selected via multistage random sampling. Data were collected using the Kobo Collect app and analysed using Stata 18.0. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the participants’ characteristics including frequencies, percentages and means. Simple logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with T2DM followed by multiple logistic regression to assess adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for significant predictors. The significance level was set at 0.05 for all statistical tests. Results: Of the total 512 participants, 55.66% (95% CI: 51.32-59.92) had normal fasting blood sugar (FBS), 30.08% (95% CI: 26.25-34.20) had prediabetes and 14.26% (95% CI: 11.48-17.57) had T2DM. Our multivariable analysis by multiple logistic regression analysis observed that respondents age over 60 years (AOR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.64–7.32), being of Kayin ethnicity (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.47–5.61), larger waist measurements (AOR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.68–7.60), had chronic illnesses (AOR = 7.97, 95% CI: 4.17–15.23) and had family history of diabetes mellitus (AOR = 4.10, 95% CI: 2.09–8.04) were associated with type 2 diabetes among the middle aged and elderly population of Yangon, Myanmar. Conclusion: Type 2 DM is common among middle-aged and elderly individuals in Yangon. Key risk factors included age, obesity, chronic illness and family history were major predictors of it. Targeted interventions addressing these factors are essential for diabetes prevention in this population.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Self-care behaviours and associated factors among adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Vietnam rural area
Background: Diabetes is a long-term metabolic condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. In Vietnam, there has been a rising trend in the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes. Objectives: This study aimed to describe diabetes self-care behaviours and explore associated factors among Vietnamese adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 418 outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes in rural area of Da Nang City, Vietnam. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires that covered demographics, clinical factors, and self-care behaviours. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. Results: The study found that 70.1% of participants engaged in diabetes self-care practices, with an average score of 4.37 ± 1.11. The analysis revealed significant correlations between self-care behaviours and factors such as family history of Type 2 Diabetes (OR= 1.76, 95% CI: 1.03-3.00), use of a blood glucose meter at home (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.22-5.49), receipt of diabetes self-care information (OR = 2.27, 95% CI:1.38-3.75), and regular health check-ups (OR= 2.98, 95% CI: 1.84-4.80). Conclusion: These findings provide valuable insights for healthcare providers in developing targeted interventions to promote positive self-care practices among individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.
Clinical factors, Rural area, Self-care, Type 2 Diabetes
Length of hospital stay among cardiovascular patients with valve repair combined valve replacement, Northeast Thailand
Background: Hospital administration can impact patient’s length of hospital stays, treatment costs, and quality of life after surgery. Thus, understanding the factors influencing the length of hospital stays in heart valve surgery patients is crucial for improving patient care and enhancing the efficiency of medical services. Objectives: To investigate the length of hospital-stay and factors associated with length of hospital stay among cardiovascular patients with valve repair combined valve replacement. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional analytical design, involving 272 individuals who underwent combined valve repair and replacement at the Queen Sirikit Heart Centre of the Northeast from October 1, 2017, to September 30, 2023. Data were analysed using percentages and medians (min: max). Multiple logistic regression was also conducted to examine risk factors associated with extended hospital stays (> 14 days). Results: The study showed that the length of hospital stays of patients undergoing open heart valve surgery was 14.07 ± 8 days. The risk factors related to a length of hospital stays longer than 14 days were found a history of smoking (AOR = 1.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) : 1.01 - 3.27), albumin level in blood (< 3.5 g/dl) (AOR= 2.28; 95%CI: 1.16 - 4.48), functional class 4 (AOR = 21.32; 95%CI: 4.37 - 104.06), postoperative infection (AOR = 3.25; 95%CI: 1.23 - 8.59) and arrhythmias (AOR= 2.33; 95%CI: 1.01 - 5.38). Conclusion: This result highlighted that these factors are important for post-surgery patients to stay in the hospital longer than standard. Therefore, hospitals should promote health information, including quitting smoking and consuming behaviour, to patients to prepare before surgery. Hospitals must also design guidelines for patient care to prevent further complications.
Microvascular complications, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Type 2 diabetes patients
Evaluation of quality measures for Colonoscopy in Colorectal cancer screening among patients in Mahosot hospital, Vientiane capital, Lao PDR: A cross-sectional, prospective study
Background: In Lao PDR, colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant public health concern, accounting for 8.5% of all cancer cases and ranking as the fourth most common cancer in the country. Colonoscopy emerges as the gold standard for CRC screening. The quality of a colonoscopy is critical to achieving positive patient outcome. Key quality indicators mainly include adenoma detection rate, bowel preparation adequacy, average withdrawal time, cecal intubation rate and complication post colonoscopy procedure. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of colorectal polyps and cancer detected, determine adenoma detection rate, and assess the quality of colonoscopy procedure during colorectal cancer screening of our centre and another representative of referral centre in Laos. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study from July 2023 to February 2024, involving 288 individuals for collecting demographic data, procedure indications, and various colonoscopies. Results: A total of 288 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 45.57 ± 14.67 years (SD) with approximately equal gender distribution (Female 50.67%). The majority of colorectal cancer screenings were conducted in individuals under 50 years old. Most patients achieved optimal bowel preparation, and underwent complete colonoscopy procedures. Approximately 95.5% underwent a complete colonoscopy with an average withdrawal time of 8.16 ± 4.37 minutes. Pathological analysis revealed non-neoplastic, benign neoplastic, and malignant polyps. The overall adenoma detection rate was 27.63%, with advanced adenoma detection in 5.81% and colon cancer detection in 5.9%. Patients over 50 years exhibited a higher risk of adenoma detection rate while good bowel preparation did not significantly affect detection rates. However, longer withdrawal times during colonoscopy correlated with increased adenoma detection rate. Conclusion: Our study showed that the quality indicators of colonoscopy were acceptable with results indicating an average risk of colorectal cancer screening with overall adenoma detection rate, achieved adequate bowel cleansing, with high rate of cecal intubation rate, and appropriated withdrawal time examination as per protocol associated with increased adenoma detection.
Quality Measures, Colonoscopy, Colorectal cancer
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Public Health Asia Pacific https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impacts of climate change on forest-harvested food and the nutrition of children and families in Lao PDR
Background: Forests are an important source of food, medicine, and income for rural families in Laos, especially ethnic communities. Non-timber forest Products (NTFPs) contribute significantly to food security and income through consumption and sales. However, the impact of climate changes on agricultural productivity leads to increasing land demand for cash crops has caused significant changes in forestland and resource use, posing threats to food security and livelihoods. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate how climate change affects the availability of forest-harvested food and its subsequent impact on children’s nutrition in communities near forests, utilizing descriptive and regression analysis to understand the influencing factors. Methods: A cross-sectional mixed-method study included a desk review, 259 household surveys, 8 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and 4 case studies in six different villages of three provinces (north, central, and southern) of Laos. Results: The study found 90% of households have observed a reduction in forest-harvested food in the last few years because of overexploitation of forests (75%) and changes in weather patterns (25%). 84% of children consumed forest foods regularly. Logistics regression analysis showed that children (6-59 months) who consume forest products more than twice a week are about 2.13 times more likely to have the outcome of not being underweight compared to those who do not, holding other factors constant. Conclusion: Climate change has reduced the availability of forest-harvested food, adversely affecting children’s nutrition. In response, communities have adopted alternative coping strategies. To mitigate the impact of climate change, it is recommended to implement climate monitoring, promote sustainable land use, and empower communities to enhance resilience and food security.
Children, Climate change, Forest-harvested foods, Nutrition
Factors associated with tobacco use among working-age population in Mon state, Myanmar
Background: The tobacco epidemic is the leading cause of preventable death globally. Despite numerous studies on factors influencing tobacco use among working youths and adults, research remains limited on tobacco use and associated factors among the working-age population in urban and rural areas of Mon State. Objectives: To identify the factors associated with the tobacco use among the working-age population in Mon State, Myanmar. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 509 participants aged 18 to 60 years in Mon State, Myanmar, utilizing structured interviews. The associations between tobacco use and various factors were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analyses, with results reported as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was determined at a threshold of P <0.05. Results: The prevalence of tobacco use among the working-age population in Mon State was 45.58% (95% CI: 41.19-50.02). Factors significantly associated with tobacco use included male gender (AOR=10.04, 95% CI: 5.34-18.86), lower educational attainment; specifically uneducated or primary education (AOR=9.38, 95% CI: 4.43-19.81), secondary education (AOR=4.39, 95% CI: 1.97-9.76), and tertiary education (AOR=2.29, 95% CI: 1.17-4.49). Additional correlates included family influence (AOR=7.79, 95% CI: 4.33-14.02), peer pressure (AOR=2.92, 95% CI: 1.66-5.13), community influence (AOR=4.90, 95% CI: 2.85-8.59), moderately severe depression (AOR=5.27, 95% CI: 2.56-10.84), severe depression (AOR=3.67, 95% CI: 1.50-8.94), and neutral or positive perceptions of tobacco marketing (AOR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.16-3.49). Conclusion: About half of the study participants used tobacco. Being male, having lower educational status, having family influences, peer pressure, depression, and neutral and positive perception on tobacco marketing were associated with the higher risks of using tobacco. Therefore, it is important to make efforts in promoting of education, health education programs, effective tobacco control policies and mental health supports in addressing tobacco problems in Myanmar.
Comparative analysis of healthcare responsiveness between insured and uninsured patients: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital of Nepal
Background: The responsiveness of a health system is considered to be an intrinsic goal of health systems and an essential aspect in performance assessment. This highlights the non-medical aspects of patients depend upon how health care facilities acknowledge patients’ demands. Objectives: This study assesses perceptions of insured and uninsured patients regarding the responsiveness of inpatient services at a tertiary hospital in Nepal. Methods: Using a cross-sectional, hospital-based design, quantitative research was conducted at the National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital. A total of 228 participants were selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected via interviews. Associations between variables were identified through bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. Results: The mean age of patients was 46.63 years with standard deviation (SD) of 16.33 years. Most patients perceived their health status as poor (93.9%), and 74.1% reported insufficient availability of medicines. Both insured and uninsured patient groups experienced poor responsiveness for three out of eight domains. Based on inpatient’s importance and experience, responsive domain can be classified into three priority groups to enhance responsiveness: 1st priority: Prompt attention and clarity of communication; 2nd priority: dignity, choice and quality of amenities; and 3rd priority: autonomy, confidentiality and social support. Conclusion: The hospital should improve the degree of responsiveness in all domains, with priority given to prompt attention and clarity of communication. More attention should be given to patients who stay for longer durations in the hospital as Nepal expands national health insurance coverage.
Health system, Health insurance, Responsiveness
Prevalence and factors associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Kavre, Nepal
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common health problem with increasing prevalence all over the world. COPD among people in Nepal is a major public health concern. Objectives: This present study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with COPD in Nepal. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. The study was conducted among patient visited at Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre district, Nepal. A total of 470 patient aged ≥ 50 years were selected using stratified random sampling method. The COPD patients were diagnosed based on spirometry and chest X-ray findings. Data were entered into Epi-data manager 3.1 and analysed using STATA 18. Descriptive statistics were performed to describe participant characteristics and multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the factors associated with the COPD. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the total 470, the overall prevalence of COPD was 19.36% (95% CI: 16.02-23.20). The mean age of respondent was 64.84 years (±10.01). After adjusting for covariates, the study found that increasing age was strongly associated with COPD: 61-70 years old (AOR = 6.78, 95% CI: 2.88-15.99, P < 0.001), 71-80 years old (AOR= 11.78, 95% CI: 5.75-31.80, P <0.01), and > 80 years old (AOR=11.76, 95% CI: 4.07-34.39, P <0.01). However, literacy among the patients (AOR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.24-0.73, P = 0.002) and no family history of COPD (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.19-0.60, P < 0.001) were less likely to be associated with COPD. Conclusion: Nearly one fifth of the respondents had COPD which still remains as a huge hidden burden of high prevalent disease in Nepal. Educational status, aging, traditional firewood cooking and genetic predisposition were major risk factors among COPD cases in Nepal.
Burden of illness, Disability, Mortality, Prevalence, Risk factors, Trend
Patient's awareness and satisfaction level of Social Health Security Scheme in the Tertiary Level Hospital: A study in Dhulikhel Hospital
Background: Government of Nepal aims to enable its citizens to access quality health care services without placing a financial burden on them via Social Health Insurance Scheme. It is expected to reduce barriers to health-care utilization while also ensuring equity and access for low-income and disadvantaged populations in order to achieve Universal Health Coverage. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the patient's awareness, satisfaction level of Social Health Security Scheme in a Tertiary Level Hospital in Nepal. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted between September 2022 and June 2023 among 423 patients who visited the In- and Out-patient departments of Dhulikhel Hospital and were registered under the Social Health Security Scheme. The patients’ satisfaction levels were evaluated using a short version of the Patient satisfaction questionnaire. The collected data were entered into MS-excel and analyzed using STATA version 13. Results: Among the 423 evaluated respondents, the majority (26.71%) were found to have good satisfaction (90 to 66 points), and 71.87% gave average satisfaction (65 to 42 points). The highest level of satisfaction was observed in the access and convenience domain, with a mean score of 14.52 and an SD of 1.71. The mean overall satisfaction score was 57.82 and SD 3.71. There was a potential association between the number of family members and satisfaction scores. However, most demographic factors were not significantly associated with satisfaction scores. Conclusion: Awareness of health insurance schemes was high among the participants. Most participants rated their satisfaction as good, indicating a positive perception of the healthcare services provided. However, a significant proportion gave average evaluations, suggesting the need for improvements in certain areas.
Patient's awareness, Satisfaction level, Social Health Security Scheme, Health insurance program
Spatial pattern of health human resources factors associated with maternal mortality in Indonesia
Background: Indonesia's Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in 2022 was still higher than the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target. Previous studies have not paid attention to inadequate Health Human Resources (HHR), its distribution over the country and association with MMR. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the spatial distribution of HHR and MMR and analyse the association between HHR and MMR in Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the data from Indonesian Health Profile 2022, consist of 34 provinces for spatial pattern and 33 provinces for statistical analysis. The outcome of this study was MMR per 100,000 live births. The independent variables were the ratio of obstetricians per 10,000 population and the ratio of total midwives per 10,000 population. Results: Of the total 34 provinces in Indonesia, West Papua had the highest MMR, and 9 provinces with MMR<70/100,000 live births. The majority of the provinces (69.7%) had a high MMR (>70 per 100,000 live births). Similarly, most of the provinces (66.7%) had a ratio of obstetricians <0.19 per 10,000 population, and almost all provinces (81.8%) had a ratio of midwives >10 per 10,000 population. The lower ratio of obstetricians was most likely to have a high MMR 5.4 times (95% CI: 1.08-26.93; P-value: 0.042) compared to the higher ratio of obstetricians. Conclusion: Obstetricians were HHR associated with MMR in Indonesia but midwives were not. So, the government should increase the ratio of obstetricians and improve the quality of midwives.
Maternal mortality, Midwife, Obstetrician
Quality of life among humanitarian aid workers in Thai-Myanmar border
Background: Humanitarian aid workers (HAWs) are crucial frontline responders in helping the crisis-affected population. Since they are under constant pressure to perform effectively in an unstable environment, HAWs are always in need to be prepared both physically and mentally. Objectives: To determine the quality of life and its associated factors among humanitarian aid workers along the Thai- Myanmar border. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 424 HAWs, using multistage random sampling across 4 provinces along the Thai-Myanmar border with a structured questionnaire interview. The WHOQOL-BREF was used to measure quality of life (QOL). Descriptive statistics were used to describe participant characteristics and multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the factors associated with the QOL of HAWs. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: More than half of the respondents (62.03%; 95% CI: 57.29% – 66.54%) had moderate to poor QOL. After controlling for covariates, the study observed that moderate to poor QOL was strongly associated with having acute illness within the past month (Adj. OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.04-5.96, P-value 0.041), severely dysfunctional family relationships (Adj. OR = 2.8, 95%CI: 1.16-7.21, P-value 0.008), a family monthly income of ≤ 10,000 THB (Adj. OR = 2.26, 95%CI: 1.34-3.81, P-value 0.002), and one or more chronic conditions (Adj. OR = 3.53, 95%CI: 1.64-7.56, P-value 0.001). Conclusion: More than half of humanitarian aid workers along the Thai-Myanmar border have a moderate to poor quality of life. Personal and health factors, as well as family relationships were found to be associated with a reduced QOL. Hence, periodic psychosocial support as well as health promotion, prevention, and interventions for humanitarian aid workers will enhance their QOL effectively.
Humanitarian aid worker, Quality of life, Thai-Myanmar border
Analysis of secondary metabolites, antioxidant properties, HPLC analysis, and protein content of Calostoma insigne in Cambodia
Background: Calostoma insigne (C. insigne) is a wild edible mushroom commonly found in the forests of Southeast Asia. In Cambodia, it is traditionally consumed as a dessert, with locals believing in its health benefits. However, there is a significant lack of research investigating its therapeutic properties and chemical compounds, particularly within the Cambodian context. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the secondary metabolites, protein content and antioxidant activities in C. insigne. Methods: Methanolic extract of C. insigne was utilized to define the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities was screened using ferric reducing antioxidation power assay (FRAP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging in microplate spectrophotometers. Protein content was performed using Kjeldahl method. HPLC detected gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and luteolin in the crude extraction. Results: The analysis showed significant levels of secondary metabolites with TPC (9.28 ± 0.51 mg GAE/g of CE), TFC (242.41 ± 23.82 mg quercetin equivalent/g of crude extract). Antioxidant activities of DPPH radical revealed a concentration dependent manner (P < 0.05), and HPLC detected luteolin (15.83 ± 0.01 mg/g per crude extraction). TFC showed a strong statistically significantly negative correlation with FRAP value explained r = -0.879, P < 0.05. TFC could be the biomarker in extraction with high-reducing antioxidant power. Conclusion: This study confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites, their potential as antioxidant activities, and protein content for further development in food products, pharmaceutical and natural health products.
Antioxidant, HPLC, Mushroom, Protein, Secondary metabolites
Re-Infection of COVID-19 in Lao health care workers: Vientiane capital, Champasak and Luangphabang, Lao PDR
Background: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic was officially declared in early 2020 with reports of re-infections emerging by mid-2020. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention defines re-infection as cases where individuals test positive for COVID-19, either through Antigen Test Kits(ATK) or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests, after previously recovering and testing negative for 90 days. Lao PDR witnessed a significant surge in cases among various sectors including the healthcare workers (HCWs) who were in close contacts of previously infected individuals. Objectives: To determine the re-infection rates of COVID-19 in HCWs at Lao hospital settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed standardized questionnaires to gather demographic information, history of COVID-19 infections, and associated factors from HCWs participants. After obtaining ethical approval, data was collected and meticulously recorded in Microsoft Excel 2020. Subsequently, the recorded data was entered into a database for analysis. Results: The study included 405 participants, predominantly female (80%) with an average age of 37.9±11(20-67) years. Majority of participants (75.5%) served in patient care departments, with 47% being nurses. Remarkably, 87% had been actively engaged in hospital duties prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. Regarding vaccination, 77% had received the Sinopharm vaccine, while smaller percentages were vaccinated with Astra Zeneca (13%), Johnson & Johnson (4%), Pfizer (4%), and Sputnik (2%). Of the 245 HCWs who were infected at least once, 59 experienced re-infections (2-3 times), resulting in a re-infection rate of 24.1% (95% CI: 18.7% - 29.4%). Re-infected individuals exhibited symptoms within an average of 3.27 days, with most diagnoses made using ATK (76.27%). The majority (88.1%) of re-infected HCWs reported mild symptoms. Notably, 96% of HCWs with recurrent infections engaged in social activities weekly. Conclusion: Despite high immunization rates among study participants, the study underscored the persistent risk of COVID-19 re-infection among healthcare workers in Lao PDR, emphasizing the importance of ongoing preventive measures. However, the study acknowledged the limitations of retrospective interviews and emphasized the need for continuous surveillance and proactive strategies to prevent future outbreaks.
COVID-19, Healthcare worker, Lao PDR, Re-infection
Inappropriate use of Tuberculosis medications among TB patients in Vientiane capital, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an important communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has been declared a global public health emergency by World Health Organization. Objectives: To study the inappropriate use of anti-tuberculosis medications among tuberculosis patients in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey, conducted in three central hospitals in Vientiane Capital. The study focused on tuberculosis patients aged 18 and older who were receiving anti-tuberculosis drug treatment. The sample was selected using a random sampling method. Data collected from face-to-face interviews were analysed with descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests using statistical analysis software (IBM SPSS, version 17). Results: The study involved 221 participants of whom 60.6% were men, and 31.2% of all patients were between 29 and 39 years old. 36.3% of participants were found to have low knowledge regarding appropriate medication use and practices. Nearly 81.4% of participants answered incorrectly or did not know that tuberculosis can be resistant to medication. In total, 38.9% of the participants used inappropriate drugs, 29.0% did not take their medication on time every day, and 20.4% forgot to take medication. The study found inappropriate medication administration or behaviours were associated with increased risk of treatment failure or disease recurrence (ꭓ2 = 4.73, P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Inappropriate medication use among those treated for TB is common in Lao PDR. This raises concerns about possible treatment failure and increased risk of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the sample group.
Behaviour, Tuberculosis, Anti-Tuberculosis drugs